TY  -  JOUR
AU  -  Vafaei, Elham
T1  -  Examining gender discrimination in surgical specialties with a focus on countries outside the United States and Europe: a narrative review
PY  -  2023
Y1  -  2023-09-01
DO  -  10.1723/4155.41523
JO  -  Journal of Sex- and Gender-Specific Medicine
JA  -  J Sex Gender Specif Med
VL  -  9
IS  -  3
SP  -  143
EP  -  149
PB  -  Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore
SN  -  2974-8623
Y2  -  2026/04/15
UR  -  http://dx.doi.org/10.1723/4155.41523
N2  -  Summary. Until recently, women were exempt from studying, and in some countries still are. In recent years, they have been allowed to study various medical fields. However, the male-to-female ratio remains high in some countries. Statistics show a low proportion of women in some specialties such as surgery and orthopedics. Given that female physicians provide higher-quality care and lead to greater patient satisfaction compared to male physicians, there is a pressing need to eliminate barriers to gender inequality. Women who pursue surgery encounter various challenges during their studies and careers. Accordingly, I have examined the difficulties that deter women from choosing surgery and the external or personal factors that discourage them from pursuing careers as surgeons in countries outside of the United States and Europe. Factors such as the treatment of women surgeons during fellowships, societal reactions, career advancement, personal lifestyle, and career obstacles were identified as potential external influences. I also focus on countries where this problem appears to be more pronounced.
ER  -