Gender gap in cardiology training in Italy: challenges and opportunities, analysis, and perspectives

Elisa Lodi, Jonathan Rosero Morales, Fabio Barbieri, Maria Grazia Modena

Abstract. Introduction. Despite the increasing participation of women in the medical profession, their role in certain fields, such as cardiology, remains limited. This study examines gender disparities in cardiology residency programs in Italy, focusing on the underrepresentation of women and the challenges they face during their training. The objective is to highlight the main barriers preventing women from accessing leadership positions and interventional fields, while also investigating the perception of gender gaps among medical residents. Materials and methods. Information on cardiology residency programs was collected from institutional sources and through surveys sent to program directors. The questionnaire gathered data on residents, divided by gender and year of training, and assessed the perception of gender inequalities. Additionally, an anonymous survey was distributed to residents to explore their perception of gender gaps in training and professional opportunities. Results. Among the 723 residents analyzed, 60% were men and 40% women. Ninety percent of cardiology residency programs are led by men, reflecting a significant gender disparity in leadership roles. From the anonymous survey responses, 24% of residents perceived a gender gap in training opportunities, with women being underrepresented in areas such as interventional cardiology and leadership positions. Conclusions. The study highlights a persistent gender gap in Italian cardiology, particularly in leadership roles and technical fields. Inclusive policies and mentorship programs are needed to promote female participation, improving the balance between work and personal life. A cultural and organizational shift in healthcare institutions is essential to create a more inclusive and equitable environment.