Fabrizio Cola, Giovanni Civieri, Francesco Tona

Abstract. Angina/ischemia without obstructive coronary artery disease (ANOCA/INOCA) and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) are one of the leading causes of cardiovascular morbidity worldwide and linked to specific biological, sex-related factors. The absence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) makes the diagnosis challenging and linked to undertreatment. Knowing the heterogeneity of ANOCA/INOCA clinical presentation is important and guarantees the most suitable therapy for each patient, ensuring a better quality of life and decreased cardiovascular events.
Key words. Coronary microvascular dysfunction, coronary artery disease, ANOCA/INOCA, sex-related factors, endothelial dysfunction.